Light Bulbs of Different Bases Used in the United States

Light bulbs come in many different bases and types, and they are different from country to country. Here we focus on the bases used most frequently in the United States. Most household light fixtures use light bulbs of candlelabra bases, intermediate bases, and/or medium bases.

The candlebra bases used most commonly in the United States are E10, E11, and E12, which are also used in Canada and Japan. The intermediate base E17 is used in the United State and Japan. E26 and E27 are medium bases and are used in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan. The tw0-digit number following the letter E indicates the diameter (in millimeters) of the cap of the light bulb. For example, an E26 light bulb indicates that the cap of the light bulb has a diameter of 26 millimeters.


Picture from this website

Since light bulbs come in different bases, it is important to know which base of the light bulb your light fixture houses before you rush to get any light bulb replacements. Nowadays, LED light bulbs are designed to fit the existing light fixtures. Replacing your money-wasting traditional light bulbs or environmentally unfriendly CFLs with the green, high-tech, energy-saving LED light bulbs is as easy as 1-2-3. Best of all, you save yourself tons of money and be a good global citizen saving the planet. That is a very sweet deal, I’d say.

Pictures from Smith Symposium at Penn State York

Here are a few pictures taken from the Smith Symposium at Penn State York on Nov. 10, 2012. My undergraduate research assistants, Richard George and Austin Crain, attended the symposium. Richard gave a presentation on our numerical simulation results of gravity-wave induced airglow variation in the OH, O2B1, and O1S emission in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region. Richard did a great job in presenting the material. Austin won a mug from raffle drawing. Further info on the presenters from the Lehigh Valley campus can be found through the link: Two students present at Smith Symposium

Austin, myself, and Dr. Jackie McLaughlin went with Dr. Roger Egolf and Richard arrived from University Park. The ride was very pleasant but a bit exhaustive for me on our way home since I was engaged in intellectual discussion with Austin for almost 2+2 hrs ;-).

Physics Professor goes to Capitol Hill with AGU to discuss Geoscience with the legislators

Dr. Huang, Associate Professor of Physics, will participate in the Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo-CVD) organized by the American Geophysical Union (AGU). Dr. Huang has been chosen to participate because her State’s House Representative is on the House Appropriations Committee. AGU partners with other geoscience societies to host Geo-CVD on 11-12 September in Washington, DC.

AGU will schedule meetings for Geo-CVD participants with Members of Congress and their staff so that participants can discuss their research and illustrate the importance of supporting federally funded research through agencies such as DOE, EPA, NASA, NOAA, NSF, and USGS. Facing a difficult budget environment, it is vital for the scientific community to stay involved in these discussions. The intent is to show that scientists care about how our nation’s laws affect the scientific community and that scientists want to get involved with science and politics at the national level to make a difference. This is a great opportunity for scientists to come to our nation’s capital and promote science. Geo-CVD is a great first step in establishing lasting, impactful relationships with the House Representative and Senators’ offices.

Participants will attend an intense orientation workshop on September 11. The afternoon will include a luncheon briefing on how to communicate with legislators, an overview of the Federal budget and appropriations process, and ample time for questions. A discussion with current and former Congressional Science Fellows will follow. Topics will include how to improve communication with Congress, science priorities in the current session of Congress, and preparation for the next day’s visits. Geo-CVD participants visit their congressional delegations on Capitol Hill on September 12 and attend the Annual U.S. Geological Survey Coalition Reception on Capitol Hill in the evening.

Faculty Accomplishments from 2011-Spring 2012

Well, since mine was not listed in our campus publication because of an editorial fluke, I thought I would compile the list myself and post it on my blog. I was quite stunned to find mine was missing/omitted in the latest issue of the publication. Although I did get an apology from the editor, but what has been done cannot be undone. An apology is as good as an empty promise. It does not change anything, nor does it make me feel better. I’m never the one to care much about publicity. In fact, I used to be the one who liked to sit way back in the room and wished I would blend in so that no one would notice me or that I would not have to speak. Over the years, I have changed a bit. My profession has pushed me over the limits and I have become more comfortable with public speaking and attention from other people. Too much attention can be a burden. It is not that mine was missing that upset me. What upset me was why me? Is it really an editorial mistake? Don’t people do any quality control nowadays?

Anyway, the whole thing is quite laughable. Do I really care? Well, it’s half and half. I’ve got more important things to do to fuss over this, but then I hate the feeling that I was screwed. I think I will show the publication to my friends and family whenever possible and ask them jokingly what is it that they don’t see. I will probably print out my list and show them after I show them the publication just to provide some amusement for them.

Articles Published in Refereed Journals
• Kuo, C. L., Huang, T.-Y., Chang, S. C., Chou, J. K., Lee, L. J., Wu, Y. J., Chen, A. B., Su, H. T., Hsu, R. R., Frey, H. U., Mende, S. B., Takahashi, Y. & Lee, L. C.(2012). Full-kinetic elve model simulations and their comparisons with the ISUAL observed events (accepted for publication)
• Huang, T.-Y. and M. Hickey (2012), Gravity Wave-induced Variations in Exothermic Heating in the Low-Latitude, Equinox MLT Region, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A02307, doi:10.1029/2011JA017148.
• Kuo, C. L., Chang, S. C., Lee, L. J., Huang, T.-Y., Chen, A. B., Su, H. T., Hsu, R. R., Sentman, D., Frey, H. U., Mende, S. B., Takahashi, Y. & Lee, L. C. (2011). The 762 nm Emissions of Sprites, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A01310, doi:10.1029/2010JA015949.
Manuscripts Submitted for Publication
• Huang, T.-Y. & Kane, T. J. (2012). Examining Methods Used in Extracting Long-term Thermospheric Density Trends (submitted to JASTP).
• Chiang, C. Y., Chang, T.F., Tam, Sunny W. Y., Huang, T.-Y., Lin, C. H., Chen, A. B., Su, H. T. & Hsu, R. R. (2012). Global observations of the 630-nm nightglow and patterns of brightness by ISUAL (submitted to Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Journal).
FUNDED PROJECTS AND GRANTS
• Principal Investigator. 2009 - 2012. Project: “RUI: Gravity Wave Effects in the Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere (MLT) Region with a 2-D, Nonlinear, Multiple-Airglow Chemistry-Dynamics Model” National Science Foundation RUI ($ 183,868).
• Principal Investigator. Spring 2012. Project: “To attend EGU meeting,” Penn State Eberly College of Science Professional Development Funds ($500).
CONSULTING
2012
• Editor, Natural Science, 2012.
2011
• Editor, Natural Science, 2011.
• Reviewer for Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 2011.
• Reviewer for Journal of Geophysical Research – Space Physics, 2011.
• Proposal Reviewer for the National Science Foundation – Aeronomy Program, 2011.
• Proposal Reviewer for the National Science Foundation - Polar Programs (Antarctic Astrophysics & Geospace Sciences), 2011.
• Volunteer, AGU Climate Science Q&A Service, 2011.
Service to the Disciplines and to the Profession
Organizing conferences, service on conference committees
• Editor, Natural Science, 2011-present.
• Convener, “Recent Advances in the Understanding and Investigation of Wave Phenomena in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region,” 2012 AOGS-AGU (WPGM) Joint Assembly, Singapore, 2012.
• Volunteer, AGU Climate Science Q&A Service, 2010-2011. https://sites.google.com/site/aguclimateqaservice/
Service to Public and Private Organizations
• Principal, Lehigh Valley Chinese School, 2011 –
• Conference Organizing Committee Member, Association of Chinese Schools (ACS) 2011 Annual Meeting, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• Organizer, “2012 Chinese New Year’s Celebration,” Macungie, PA, 2012.
• Organizer, “2011 Chinese New Year’s Celebration,” Macungie, PA, 2011.
• President and Editor, Lehigh Valley Taiwanese Women Association, 2009 - present.
PRESENTATIONS
2012
• Huang, T.-Y., Kuo, C. L., Chiang, C. Y., Chen, Alfred, Su, H. T., & Hsu, R. R. (2012). Lightning-Induced Transient Emissions in the mesospheric airglow layers – ISUAL Observations and Modeling, European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria (invited).
• Huang, T.-Y. (2012). ISUAL Observations of Lightning-Induced Transient Emissions (LITEs), Penn State University College Science Meeting, University Park, Pennsylvania.
2011
• Kuo, C.-L., Huang, T.-Y., Chang, S. C., Chou, J. K., Lee, L. J., Chen, Alfred, Su, H.-T., Hsu, R.-R., Frey, H., Mende, S. B., Takahashi, Y., & Lee, L.-C.(2011). Full-kinetic elve model simulations and their comparison with the ISUAL observed events, AGU Fall meeting, San Francisco, California, USA.
• Kuo, C.-L., Huang, T.-Y., Chang, S. C., Lee, L. J., Chou, J. K., Chen, Alfred, Su, H.-T., Hsu, R.-R., Frey, H., Mende, S. B., Takahashi, Y., & Lee, L.-C.(2011). ISUAL Multi-band Observations of Elves, the 30th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Huang, T.-Y. and George, R. (2011). Gravity Wave-Induced Airglow Intensity Variations in Multiple Airglow Layers in the MLT Region, AOGS 2011, Taipei, Taiwan (invited talk).
• George, R. and Huang, T.-Y. (2011). The Effects of Gravity Waves On Airglow and Minor Species in the MLT Region, 2011 CEDAR Workshop, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
• George, R. and Huang, T.-Y. (2011). Gravity-wave Induced Intensity Variations in the Mesosphere, Penn State Eastern Regional Undergraduate Research Symposium, Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA.
• George, R. and Huang, T.-Y. (2011). Gravity-wave Induced Intensity Variations in the Mesosphere, Penn State Undergraduate Exhibits, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
• George, R. and Huang, T.-Y. (2011). Gravity-wave Induced Intensity Variations in the Mesosphere, Penn State Lehigh Valley Undergraduate Research Symposium, Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA.
• Huang, T.-Y., Kuo, C. L., Chiang, C. Y., Chen, Alfred, Su, H. T., & Hsu, R. R. (2011). ISUAL 630 nm observations of Lightning-induced Transient Emissions (LITEs), European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria.
• Huang, T.-Y. (2011). Gravity wave-induced variations in exothermic heating in the MLT region, AGU Chapman Conference on Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Their Effects on General Circulation and Climate, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA